California Fluoroscopy State Board Practice Exam

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• How does patient dose change with increasing distance from the x-ray source?
• What is termed when maximum input surface area is utilized in fluoroscopy?
• What can a patient do if they feel their HIPAA privacy has been breached?
• At what frame rate does a closed circuit fluoroscopic television system operate?
• What is the frequency of image framing in fluoroscopy defined as?
• The energy subtraction technique utilizes the difference in what during contrast injection?
• Which imaging issue poses a greater challenge for children than adults during fluoroscopy?
• Fluoroscopic image resolution is quantified using which unit of measurement?
• What factor affects a camera system's ability to concentrate light?
• Image detectors for digital fluoroscopy are primarily categorized into which groups?
• In what scenario would a fluoroscopy system require a higher x-ray tube current?
• Energy subtraction in digital fluoroscopy exhibits less of which than temporal subtraction?
• How is flicker in the television picture typically avoided?
• How high can scatter radiation from the patient reach at one foot away from the patient?
• A digital fluoroscopy system with a charge coupled device exhibits which advantage compared to conventional systems?
• Which of the following is the correct term to specify the operating voltage for a fluoroscopic examination?
• Patient radiation dose is related to the framing frequency in what manner?
• The squared ratio of an input screen diameter to an output screen diameter is termed what?
• If the size of the x-ray field is enlarged, what occurs?
• Primary radiation includes which of the following?
• X-ray tubes used in fluoroscopy must have a filtration of at least how many millimeters of aluminum equivalent?
• What is the most frequently witnessed phenomenon in growing tissue exposed to radiation?
• What type of display do vidicon cameras typically output to?
• What random pattern of incident radiation is associated with "snow" or "mottle" in images?
• During a fluoroscopic exam, which is the main source of scattered radiation?
• Fluoroscopic spot films produced with conventional cassettes typically utilize what level of mA?
• Which type of digital imaging system uses a single process to convert remnant x-ray photons to an electrical signal?
• Where is the most appropriate place to wear a film badge when using a lead apron?
• Fluoroscopic protective curtains must consist of at least how much equivalent material?
• In a fluoroscopy system utilizing a direct-capture flat panel image receptor plate (FPIR), where is the latent analog image stored?
• Why are image-orthicon television cameras not widely used?
• Which imaging technique is not acceptable for imaging moving objects?
• Which component amplifies the video signal produced by the camera tube?
• Which component is not required by portable fluoroscopy systems?
• What consequence may occur due to uncontrolled internal light scatter within an image intensifier tube?
• An indirect conversion flat panel detector includes which of the following layers?
• What term describes coordinating x-ray production to avoid exposure while advancing cine film?
• Which device in the fluoroscopic system is responsible for converting light photons to an electronic signal?
• When is the use of fluoroscopy particularly risky for children?
• How do the electrostatic lenses contribute to the functioning of fluoroscopy?
• What is the primary purpose of an aluminum filter in the path of the primary beam?
• What component in an image intensifier tube determines the amount of magnification in the virtual image?
• What does the modulation transfer function (MTF) assess in fluoroscopic systems?
• In fluoroscopic systems equipped with automatic brightness control (ABC) and under the table x-ray tube, as the intensifier is moved away from the patient:
• In a TV monitor, interlaced scanning is primarily used to reduce?
• As one moves away from a source of scatter radiation, the radiation dose decreases because:
• What is the primary purpose of using a grid in fluoroscopy?
• Images produced with photo spot film cameras require what compared to conventional cassettes?
• What law determines the energy intensity as it relates to distance from the x-ray source?
• What type of television system is used for fluoroscopic television?
• What happens to image quality when the brightness level is decreased on a TV monitor?
• Which dose effect relationship curve is the basis for radiation protection guidelines?
• Which of the following components is typically used in fluoroscopy systems to prevent image distortion?
• The rendered pixel size will have a direct effect on what when viewing the virtual image on a LCD monitor?
• What does the term "radiation dose limit" refer to?
• What is the impact of a higher f number in a lens system regarding light availability?
• How is patient radiation dose related to the framing frequency being used?
• For spot films utilizing cassettes, the mA setting is typically?
• Which of the following factors does NOT directly influence exposure rate?
• What is the purpose of the output phosphor in a fluoroscopy system?
• What characteristics should contrast media agents possess?
• To minimize or eliminate the Moire (aliasing) artifact in a flat panel image detector system, what should be done?
• Pixel bit depth will have a direct influence on which of the following?
• In image intensified fluoroscopy, what should the room lighting be set to for optimal visualization?
• In fluoroscopic installations, what is considered the primary barrier?
• At minimum, which of the following personnel protective devices must be worn during a fluoroscopic procedure?
• When performing a fluoroscopic procedure, the primary source of scattered radiation is emitted from the:
• What is the effect of larger collimated field size on the scatter production during fluoroscopy?
• What is the maximum number of frames per second obtainable in cinefluorography?
• When viewing a digital image, pixel bit depth will have a direct influence on which quality factor?
• When might it not be possible to use Automatic Brightness Control (ABC) fluoroscopic equipment?
• According to California state regulations, the target to panel distance shall not exceed which measurement?
• The term "multifield" image intensifier primarily refers to what aspect?
• In manual mode for adult abdominal fluoroscopy, what is the mA range needed to maintain adequate x-ray photon stability in the final image?
• What is strongly correlated with the mean radiation dose received by active bone marrow?
• What is the typical effect of increasing the time of exposure during fluoroscopy?
• Which of the following can be utilized to measure the resolution of an image intensifier?
• Each scan of the entire target of the vidicon tube is called a?
• The output phosphor of the image intensifier optically interfaces with which component?
• What is the primary purpose of the cumulative manual-reset timer in fluoroscopy?
• A cesium iodide/amorphous silicon flat panel detector is categorized as which type of detector?
• What is the exposure rate measured at the input phosphor expressed in?
• What function does the photocathode serve in the fluoroscopy process?
• In fluoroscopy, what effect does increasing the frame rate generally have on image clarity?
• Which technology is often more beneficial for high-speed imaging applications?
• What is the primary benefit of using high kVp during fluoroscopic procedures?
• Is it true that no circumstances should lead to an involuntary leave of absence for a technologist due to pregnancy?
• Which of the following is NOT a feature of digital fluoroscopy?
• In what way can protective equipment be most effectively utilized to minimize radiation exposure?
• Which size of image intensifier unit is known to produce the best overall image quality?
• Subject contrast in fluoroscopy is primarily determined by what factor?
• What does quantum mottle refer to in fluoroscopy?
• What does "Integral Dose" refer to?
• What happens to patient dose when the target-to-panel distance is decreased during fluoroscopy?
• What factor does not directly affect patient exposure during fluoroscopy?
• Which of the following describes the relationship between x-ray tube location and carbon fiber table tops?
• What is the minimum thickness of a gonadal shield according to CA state regulations?
• Exposure times can be reduced to what fraction using video-disc recorders?
• How does the focal spot size of a fluoroscopic x-ray tube typically compare to a radiographic x-ray tube?
• What is the role of a camera control unit in fluoroscopy?
• When decreasing or lowering the window level of a digital fluoro image, the image will demonstrate _ as compared to the original image.
• How does using the magnification mode in image intensifiers affect resolution?
• Which type of male gonad shield is best suited for use during fluoroscopy?
• The primary role of a camera control unit is to?
• In digital fluoroscopy, what is the purpose of using advanced image processing techniques?
• What does the term "subtraction" refer to in fluoroscopy?
• In an intensification tube, which element absorbs electrons and emits light photons?
• What must the image captured by a charged coupled device (CCD) camera sensor do?
• What material is used in the input phosphor of modern image intensifier tubes?
• What is the minimum total filtration required for fluoroscopic x-ray tubes operating above 125 kVp?
• What does vignetting refer to in fluorographic images?
• What distinguishes fluoroscopy tubes from radiography tubes?
• What phenomenon occurs when there is a low number of absorbed photons in a fluoroscopic image?
• What is the purpose of using collimation in fluoroscopy?
• What is the optimum source-to-skin distance for stationary fluoroscopic equipment?
• If retrograde light flow occurs in an image intensifier tube, which component does it activate?
• What is a technical disadvantage of single-phase x-ray generators compared to three-phase generators?
• What type of material must cover the opening in the bucky tray directly aligned with the fluoroscopist's gonads?
• Which type of flat panel image detector utilizes Cesium Iodide and Silicon?
• What mechanism optically couples the image intensifier with a TV camera?
• Modern cesium iodide intensifier tubes exhibit improved contrast compared to which older type of intensifier tube?
• In the temporal subtraction processing technique, what is superimposed to produce the final image?
• What term describes the size ratio between the input and output phosphor screens of an image intensifier?
• What is the most appropriate manual exposure setting to maintain an adequate number of x-ray photons for adult abdominal fluoroscopy?
• According to California state regulations, the intensity of the x-ray beam at the tabletop of a fluoroscope should not exceed what?
• According to CA state regulations, using a fluoroscope to position patients prior to taking a routine radiographic film is:
• Which of the following components supply electrical power to the x-ray tube?
• What is the purpose of the cumulative timer in fluoroscopy?
• What dose rate reduction can be achieved when using video disk recording with "electronic radiography"?
• In a dynamic flat panel detector fluoroscopy system, what component is replaced compared to a conventional system?
• What is the primary purpose of adjusting the kVp and mA in fluoroscopy?
• When wearing a film badge, where should it be positioned?
• What is a critical issue if the x-ray beam is not restricted to the chosen framing method?
• During a fluoroscopic procedure, what is generally important to maintain for the patient's safety?
• Which of the following is an advantage of using a film badge?
• What term describes the brightness gain achieved by the efficiency of an output phosphor to convert electrons to light photons?
• The type of television camera that stores a charge when light strikes a photosensitive surface is:
• What is a disadvantage of flat panel image receptors compared to traditional systems?
• What does "minimum necessary standard" refer to in healthcare?
• What is the function of the electrical circuit that interfaces with the x-ray generator during fluoroscopy?
• Which type of personnel monitoring device discharges a capacitor in the presence of ionizing radiation?
• Which dose rate indicator must be readily available to a fluoroscopic user?
• Which electronic component in a TV camera tube is responsible for directing the electron beam to form an image?
• In a fluoroscopy system which utilizes a selenium panel detection system, what converts x-ray energy into free electrons?
• What happens in the image intensification tube when magnification mode is activated?
• What is the primary purpose of protective drapes or sliding panels in fluoroscopy?
• Which material is known as one of the best absorbers of x-rays?
• What component accomplishes the conversion of light energy into proportional numbers of electrons in a conventional image intensifier?
• Which radiation type is classified as non-primary radiation?
• To create an appearance of motion without flicker, how often must a television frame be completed?
• What safety feature interlocks the fluoroscopic tube to prevent energizing when in the parked position?
• In fluoroscopy, what happens when the contrast media's atomic number is similar to that of tissues or bones?
• What is the brightness gain of an image intensifier with a 12-inch input phosphor and a flux gain of 100?
• Which cine film size is NOT commonly available?
• What is the reported dose reduction when utilizing video disc recording during fluoroscopy?
• What tool is best for shielding male gonads during fluoroscopic procedures?
• Which entities are covered under HIPAA regulations?
• For fluoroscopy, the primary protective barrier must be made at least _ of lead equivalent for equipment capable of operating above 125 kVp:
• Violation of HIPAA standards is considered to be a:
• What is the minimum amount of radiation protective material that must cover the bucky slot?
• Which of the following is an advantage of solid state technology?
• What is the optimal target-to-panel distance for most fluoroscopic examinations?
• A digital camera uses a specific device to capture light from the output phosphor on an image intensifier. What is this device?
• What does kVp stand for in X-ray terminology?
• What materials are commonly used for fluoroscopic table tops to reduce patient radiation dose?
• What is the dose limit for a technologist during pregnancy?
• What does increasing the kVp generally do to the quality of a fluoroscopic image?
• Under what condition may the exposure rate at the tabletop exceed five rads per minute?
• What effect does adequate collimation have on patient exposure during fluoroscopy?
• Why should fluoroscopic equipment with Automatic Brightness Stabilization (ABS) systems be operated at higher kVp values?
• What is the overall resolution of an imaging system the product of?
• In which type of image intensification system will mottle be most visible?
• What components make up remnant exit or imaging forming radiation?
• What component is primarily used to focus the electron beam in a fluoroscopy system?
• What is the standard exposure time when using high mA for spot films?
• What are the primary categories of image detectors used for digital fluoroscopy?
• If an occupational worker receives 500 millirem on a film badge report, this will most likely indicate?
• What is the typical mA setting for fluoroscopy?
• What happens as the bandwidth of a television camera is increased?
• Which of the following is considered to be the "primary" radiation beam?
• What is the primary advantage of using a fluoroscopy unit with a flat panel detector?
• What effect does increasing the framing frequency have on patient radiation dose?
• Which of the following is NOT directly involved in the conversion of x-rays to light photons?
• Which is a method of shielding to reduce patient exposure?
• Which method is commonly used to enhance the contrast in digital fluoroscopy?
• Re-registration of a subtracted image is used to correct for which of the following?
• What effect does ionizing radiation have on cellular division?
• Remasking a digitally subtracted image may be necessitated due to what reason?
• What does a portable fluoroscopy system (C-arm) not require?
• Spot films taken with conventional cassettes have which of the following advantages?
• The ratio of brightness between two adjacent areas of a fluoroscopic image is referred to as?
• What characteristic should be prioritized when selecting target material for an x-ray tube?
• When selecting target material for an x-ray tube, which characteristic is essential?
• What results from excessive skin dose during fluoroscopy?
• Scatter radiation at _ from the patient could be as high as 500 millirads per hour.
• Which advantage is associated with using flat panel image receptors for digital fluoroscopic imaging?
• When increasing the window level of a digital fluoro image, the image will demonstrate _ as compared to the original image.
• The photoconductive target in a TV camera's pick-up tube creates what signal type?
• What does the term "synchronization" refer to in cineradiography?
• Which component amplifies the video signal produced by the camera tube?
• If the flux gain is 100, what is true regarding x-ray interaction with the input phosphor?
• To achieve maximum differential absorption of tissues for high-quality fluoroscopic images, one should select what?
• Regarding lead shielding, which of the following would be a common requirement for personnel involved in fluoroscopy?
• When would the use of Automatic Brightness Control to reduce radiation dose not be appropriate for children?
• What is the primary purpose of using high kVp and low mAs in fluoroscopy?
• What effect does increasing milliamperage have on fluoroscopic imaging?
• The TV monitor's picture tube is commonly referred to as?
• When referring to a lens system, a higher f-number will result in less _ being available to form an image on cine film.
• Which statement is true concerning cine film?
• What is the primary function of the camera control unit?
• Which statements about the image quality problem called "lag" are true?
• What is the typical mA used for spot films?
• Laws regarding medical records:
• When should suitable gonad shields be employed?
• What is used to control flicker in fluoroscopic imaging systems?
• What is the process called when breaking a stream of analog information into discrete units during digitization?
• When switching from 6-inch magnification mode to a 9-inch mode, how will the patient's radiation dose be altered?
• The ability of the image intensifier to increase overall illumination level is known as?
• Why is it crucial to coordinate the video signal between the TV camera and TV monitor?
• Which term refers to the number of cycles per second available for display by the television camera and monitor electronics?
• When operating in magnification mode, what happens to the field of view of an image intensifier?
• What is the statistical quality of the virtual image on the TV monitor dependent upon?
• The greatest limiting factor concerning resolution for fluoroscopic systems is the:
• What digital fluoroscopic imaging technique utilizes changing masks to analyze contrast media changes?
• In terms of patient safety, what is an essential practice regarding radiation exposure?
• What is an advantage of using flat panel image receptors for digital fluoroscopic imaging?
• Which technique helps prevent flicker effects when viewing a CRT television image?
• Which of the following is a consequence of improper framing in fluoroscopy?
• Which conversion method does a selenium-based flat panel system utilize for digital imaging?
• In fluoroscopy, what is considered to be the primary barrier for radiation protection?
• Which statements are true about the electrons emitted by the photo-cathode in an image intensifier tube?
• What must protective curtains or drapes be made of for over table tower image intensifier designs?
• For adequate x-ray photons during adult abdominal fluoroscopy, which manual exposure setting is most appropriate?
• What is typically an effect of using a cine film system?
• When a fluoroscope using a vidicon camera moves rapidly, the image distortion is called what?
• The relationship between object size visibility and line pairs per millimeter is best described as?
• What is the legal classification of a violation of HIPAA standards?
• What is the function of the spacer on a mobile fluoroscopic unit?
• The time it takes a fully energized x-ray tube to return to a non-energized state is termed the:
• What characterizes closed-circuit television systems in fluoroscopy?
• What term describes the human eye's ability to perceive fine detail?
• As an image intensifier ages, which component of image quality tends to deteriorate?
• What does the input phosphor of an image intensification tube do?
• X-rays are produced when a fast-moving stream of electrons hits which type of target?
• What effect does a higher frame rate have on fluroscopy imaging?
• Conventional photospot film imaging has what kind of resolution compared to digital photospot cameras?
• The speed of a camera system in fluoroscopy is associated with which component?
• What does the modulation transfer function (MTF) of an image intensification system indicate?
• What can be concluded about the relationship between image size and quality in cine film?
• Which component of the fluoroscopic system is responsible for converting X-rays into visible light?
• Which practice is recommended for achieving the best image quality in fluoroscopy?
• How much does a 0.50 mm Pb equivalent apron reduce transmitted exposure to incident scatter dose?
• How does increasing the brightness level of the television monitor affect image quality?
• What image processing technique enhances the visibility of blood vessels in angiography?
• What is the purpose of a photomultiplier tube in fluoroscopy?
• What type of photospot framing is represented by an image where the circle is the image and the square is the film surface?
• Which of the following factors impacts the use of technical factors indirectly?
• What component is required for converting x-ray energy into an electronic signal in a selenium-based flat panel system?
• What type of photospot framing is represented when the image is totally over-framed?
• In order to maintain the same fluoroscopic screen brightness, patient dose can be reduced if:
• What is required for the conversion of x-ray energy into an electronic signal using a selenium based flat panel system?
• What electronic system maintains a consistent level of image brightness in fluoroscopy?
• What is the importance of the camera control unit in fluoroscopy?
• The increase in effective brightness from output image size reduction is known as?
• What best describes aberration in an optical system?
• Which bone does marrow expose when the operator is wearing a leaded apron and is facing the patient?
• Which component supplies electrical power to the x-ray tube?
• Which factors determine television image quality?
• What is one of the key advantages of using digital imaging over traditional methods?
• What is the required lead equivalent material to cover the opening made by the moved bucky slot in fluoroscopic systems?
• What term describes the coordination of x-ray production and cine camera shutter operation to avoid exposure during closed shutter time?
• What type of material is generally used in the construction of a filter for the primary beam?
• What is the consequence of forming an image from a curved input phosphor and a flat output phosphor?
• What is the minimum time required for human vision to recognize an image?
• Which option will produce an increase in scatter radiation production?
• What is a latent effect "lag" when using a vidicon TV camera considered to be?
• The x-ray tube potential determines the quality of x-rays. What effect does it have?
• In a UGI fluoro study, what is the range of skin entrance exposure to the patient after two minutes of fluoroscopic exposure time?
• When measuring the entrance skin dose, where is the x-ray source typically located?
• Fluoroscopic operator exposure to scattered radiation is directly proportional to which factor?
• What condition leads to an increase in the production of scatter radiation?
• A photospot camera that uses either sheet or roll film records the image generated from which source?
• How does tighter collimation affect the fluoroscopic image brightness?
• What effect does increasing the target-to-skin distance have on patient dose?
• How often should exposure rates on cineradiography equipment be checked by a qualified individual?
• In fluoroscopy, what primarily aims to prevent radiation exposure to the patient?
• Which recording system exhibits the lowest image frequency?
• What is one of the effects of improper patient positioning during fluoroscopy?
• What is the primary purpose of a thin film transistor in a fluoroscopy imaging system?
• Which statement about informed consent is incorrect?
• Which factor can lead to an increase in scatter radiation during fluoroscopy?
• How is the patient's radiation dose altered when switching from a 6-inch magnification mode to a 9-inch mode?
• The ratio of the output to the input in an image intensifier tube is called:
• Flat panel detectors utilizing cesium iodide and silicon are classified as what type of conversion?
• In fluoroscopy, what does the term "resolution" refer to?
• What is the maximum exposure rate for modern fluoroscopy equipped with automatic brightness control (ABC)?
• What causes the phenomenon of increased image brightness at the center compared to the edges?
• What aspect of fluoroscopic systems does the term "blurring" refer to?
• Which method will decrease the integral patient dose while maintaining image brightness?
• What is the optimum source-to-skin distance for stationary fluoroscopic equipment?
• What is the main reason for keeping radiation doses as low as reasonably achievable?
• Why might manual over-ride of automatic collimators be necessary on children?
• Digitally subtracted images may require remasking due to which of the following?
• Which statement concerning the spacer on the mobile fluoroscopic equipment is correct?
• Which of the following factors is NOT used to evaluate image quality in fluoroscopy?
• What can indiscriminate use of high-level fluoroscopy cause?
• Where must a single personnel monitoring device be located?
• What is the maximum dose an embryo-fetus may receive during any month?
• Which factor primarily affects the image quality in fluoroscopic examinations?
• Normal operating fluoroscopic voltages for an average adult typically range between?
• Which size of image intensifier is likely to produce the most image distortion?
• What is the term used for the electronic signal that carries image information to a monitor?
• Which statement is true regarding the virtual fluoroscopic image?
• What happens to patient radiation dose when the image intensifier is moved away from the patient in a fluoroscopic system with ABC mechanism?
• When imaging larger patients, how does a system adjust to maintain exposure integrity?
• Which statement about the exposure time in fluoroscopy is true?
• What does reducing the patient-to-detector distance accomplish?
• The best way for technologists to reduce occupational exposure is to follow which principles?
• What is the primary function of the electron gun in a TV camera tube?
• What is the recommended exposure technique for routine fluoroscopic examinations?
• Which aspect of fluoroscopy can increase the clarity of an image?
• What is placed onto the output phosphor to prevent light from scattering back towards the photocathode in an image intensification tube?
• What process is used to divide an analog signal into discrete parts for digitization?
• What phenomenon is referred to as pin cushion distortion?
• In which situation would one likely choose high level (boost) fluoroscopy?
• What factor can adversely affect image resolution when utilizing conventional spot films?
• What is a key feature of the direct conversion method in digital imaging?
• In a television system, what is the ratio between vertical resolution and horizontal scan lines called?
• What is the primary shielding material recommended for attenuating x-rays?
• How many scan lines does a standard closed circuit television system utilize in the United States?
• Why does the structure of an individual cesium-iodide (CsI) crystal allow for better resolution?
• How is the radiation dose rate at the input phosphor related to image brightness?
• Cineradiography framing frequencies above which of the following frames per second are typically necessary for pediatric coronary angiography?
• During a fluoroscopy examination, where is the bucky tray typically located?
• The total gain of the image intensifier is a product of what two types of gain?
• The main purpose of a filter in radiology is to:
• A "multifield" image intensifier refers to what aspect?
• The visibility of mottle in the virtual image is primarily determined by which aspect of the system?
• Which type of television system is commonly associated with fluoroscopy?
• In mobile fluoroscopy equipment, what is the optimal source-to-skin distance?
• Health care providers who disclose confidential health information may face what potential consequences?
• What is the maximum allowed time limit for the cumulative timer in fluoroscopy?
• What is the main function of the lens in camera systems used for fluoroscopy?
• The ability to resolve the image dots on each scan line describes:
• Which shielding method is specifically used to protect the gonadal area?
• If a nurse frequently holds patients during fluoroscopy, what must be done regarding radiation dose?
• How does the sensitivity response curve of a charged coupled device (CCD) compare to other types of television image receptors?
• Which device is fundamentally associated with a vidicon image pickup tube?
• What cine film size is available for use?
• What is the approximate dose to the patient per "look" assuming each "look" lasts 12 seconds?
• What is a key factor in x-ray tube functionality related to patient safety?
• What type of exposure switch is required for fluoroscopic systems?
• What is the minimum exposure time achievable with video-disc recorders?
• What is one advantage of digital photo spot image recording?
• Post-processing a digital fluoroscopic image to a narrower window width will typically result in:
• What must a properly designed automatic brightness stabilization (ABS) system consider?
• On a mobile fluoroscopic unit, the spacer device is attached to which component?
• How can the mottle level of an image be adjusted?
• What factors determine the visibility of mottle in fluoroscopy?
• What affects detector contrast in fluoroscopic systems?
• What is the relationship between the electron beam of the television camera tube and the television viewing monitor?
• Which statement is true concerning cine film in fluorography?
• What term describes the phenomenon where the image intensity is greater at the center than at the edges?
• Health care providers and health care institutions who disclose confidential health information may face what type of liability?
• Which cine film sizes are commonly available?
• What contrast ratios do modern image intensifiers typically exceed?
• The energy subtraction technique in fluoroscopy relies on the difference in which of the following during contrast injection?
• In an image intensification tube, electrons are accelerated by which component?
• When the magnification mode is used, an increase in image intensifier resolution will increase from:
• Which recording medium results in the least recorded resolution?
• Which device serves to coordinate the events to retrace the exact image on the television monitor as viewed on the output phosphor via the vidicon camera?
• What is the primary function of the image intensifier tube?
• Which of the following statements is true concerning fluoroscopic grids?
• The technical factors in a fluoroscopic exam represent compromises between which two aspects?
• When the optional high-level (boost) control is activated, what is the maximum tabletop dose rate when acquiring images without recording devices?
• What is one of the advantages of using a video tape recorder over cinefluorography?
• Which digital fluoroscopic study continuously changes masks to provide information on changes in contrast media content?
• How can brightness gain degradation be measured on an image intensifier?
• Which components contribute to the total filtration of the useful x-ray beam?
• What is the primary benefit of using Automatic Brightness Control in fluoroscopy?
• Which practice is effective in reducing patient exposure during fluoroscopy?
• Which tissue type is most likely to be associated with "hematological depression" due to irradiation?
• What is the relationship between object size visibility and line pairs per millimeter?
• What kind of design must be followed for the output of scatter radiation during fluoroscopic procedures?
• The concept of ALARA stresses that all radiation doses are to be kept as far below legal limits as possible for which of the following persons?
• How is patient radiation dose related to the framing frequency used?
• What device is primarily responsible for representing the electronic signal in fluoroscopy?
• What is a definitive safety measure for x-ray personnel when using lead aprons?
• What is the primary benefit of using collimation in fluoroscopy?
• During digital image processing, which technique can enhance the visibility of structures by using different energies?
• What is the most significant effect of reducing kVp on a fluoroscopic image?
• To achieve maximum differential absorption by the tissues for high-quality fluoroscopic images, what should be selected correctly?
• Under what circumstances should protective gonadal shields be used?
• For diagnostic x-ray personnel, the highest occupational exposure occurs during which type of exam?
• What is the main purpose of an image intensifier in fluoroscopy?
• If the input phosphor of an image intensifier measures 15 inches and the output phosphor measures 1.0 inch, what is the minification gain?
• For fluoroscopes with automatic brightness control (ABC), how often must the operator check kVp and mA operating parameters?
• What component of the fluoroscopy system absorbs and converts x-rays into light photons?
• What does a fall-off in brightness at the edges of an image indicate?
• Resolution in fluoroscopy is measured in which unit?
• What does the Privacy Rule aim to ensure regarding personal health information?
• Visible output from an image intensifier tube is transmitted to a TV camera's CCD chip by which of the following methods?
• What is a significant advantage of using a video recorder in fluoroscopy?
• How does increasing beam size affect the brightness of fluoroscopic images?
• What is the minimum target-to-table distance recommended in fluoroscopy?
• Which framing technique is ideal for capturing fast-moving objects in fluoroscopy?
• Which part of the fluoroscopy unit receives remnant radiation from the patient?
• What term is used to describe the brightness ratio between two adjacent areas of a fluoroscopic image?
• How many horizontal lines of dots typically constitute the video signal in fluoroscopic imaging?
• What is the purpose of a cumulative manual-reset timer in fluoroscopy?
• The output phosphor of an image intensifier tube is how many times brighter than the input phosphor?
• What type of radiation is primarily emitted from a fluoroscopy machine?
• Which radiation monitoring device indicates the intensity of radiation through sound frequency or pitch?
• What is the normal distance for viewing the virtual image on a 15-20 inch TV monitor?
• What frequency is typically suitable for standard fluoroscopic imaging?
• What is a technical disadvantage of single-phase x-ray generators compared to three-phase generators?
• During radiographic cassette spot filming, the mA utilized is typically:
• How is flicker in the television picture avoided?
• What is essential for achieving optimal image quality in digital fluoroscopy systems?
• How many lines of dots typically comprise a television image in fluoroscopy?
• In digital fluoroscopy, what is used to reduce patient exposure compared to traditional methods?
• How is the operator radiation dose to scattered radiation related to the patient radiation dose?
• If the entrance skin dose is measured from the surface of the tabletop, where is the x-ray source located?
• Among the listed recording systems, which one results in the lowest patient dose?
• According to HIPAA regulations, computerized medical records should be accessed on a basis of:
• What term describes the reasonable effort a health care provider uses to limit the disclosure of patient information?
• What term describes the total energy absorbed from the beam by a patient?
• Which element in fluoroscopy is responsible for speeding up electrons after they are emitted from the photocathode?
• In terms of radiation exposure, what is considered the 'go-to' strategy for minimizing risks?
• A fluoroscopy system using a dynamic flat panel image receptor as compared to conventional fluoroscopy requires:
• Which of the following does not directly influence the table-top exposure rate?
• What key information should be included when obtaining a medical history for a radiographic examination?
• What is the maximum kVp that fluoroscopy units can utilize?
• Which of the following is a required component of informed consent?
• The timing of a cine camera shutters and emitted x-ray pulses are governed by which factor?
• Which medium is known to demonstrate the highest resolution in fluoroscopic imaging?
• When reporting an estimation of patient dose, which can be reported?
• When may the exposure rate at the tabletop exceed 5 rads per minute?
• Which protective barrier is primarily used to reduce stray radiation?
• What is the purpose of using low toxicity in contrast agents?
• What role does a thin film transistor (TFT) play in flat panel detectors?
• Why might it be necessary to manually override automatic collimators when working with children?
• What primarily dictates the quality of retained fluoroscopic images?
• Which of the following is considered a basic type of digital fluoroscopic study?
• How does a charged coupled device (CCD) compare to an analog pick-up tube in terms of light sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio?
• What is the primary purpose of collimation in fluoroscopy?
• Which imaging method is most effective for reducing patient dose during a fluoroscopic procedure?
• In an under-the-table x-ray tube configuration, what is the primary benefit?
• What is the normal operating fluoroscopic x-ray tube voltage range for an average adult patient?
• What is the minimum lead equivalent for the primary protective barrier in fluoroscopic equipment operating above 125 kVp?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of Automatic Brightness Stabilization (ABS) systems?
• What is the definition of minification gain?
• Which factor is most important in reducing patient exposure during a fluoroscopic procedure?
• What is a significant reason for dose rate reduction when using a video disc recorder?
• What type of photons are classified as non-interacting in the context of imaging radiation?
• A special angiographic image post-processing technique that facilitates navigation of a guide wire through torturous vessels is called?
• Which size of image intensifier unit is known to produce the best overall image quality?
• Which factor primarily influences the quality of the X-ray beam?
• What is lag in the context of fluoroscopic imaging?
• Which image intensification viewing system provides the highest resolution?
• The term "synchronization" in cineradiography refers to which aspect?
• In an indirect-capture flat panel image receptor plate (FPIR) system, what captures the light produced by incident x-ray?
• Which mobile fluoroscopic device must intercept the entire useful beam for the unit to be energized?
• Which image intensification viewing system is characterized by the longest processing time?
• Which component is primarily responsible for enhancing fluoroscopic image quality?
• Which personnel radiation monitoring device provides an accuracy of about plus/minus 25%?
• What primarily causes size distortion in fluoroscopic imaging?
• What is a consequence of a shorter target-to-panel distance?
• The increased brightness visually observed at the output phosphor is attributed to which factors?
• What happens when the quality factor spatial frequency is increased?
• Mobile image intensified fluoroscopy must not exceed which dose rate at 30 cm from the input surface?
• During exposure to radiation, when is an individual considered to be a "member of the public"?
• What is the primary purpose of using a grid in fluoroscopy?
• Which type of radiation is primarily of concern to the operator during procedures?
• How can image resolution in a television system be improved?
• In a TV camera, the proportional electron charge is transformed into a proportional voltage sent to which component?
• Protective aprons must be worn if one is likely to receive how much radiation?
• What is the effect of using lower kilovoltage peak (kVp) on scatter radiation production?
• Which of the following statements is true regarding digital fluoroscopy in pulsed fluoroscopy mode?
• Which component in magnification tubes adjusts the field of view?
• Which configuration of fluoroscopic system minimizes radiation exposure to the patient and operator?
• In which situation is Automatic Brightness Control (ABC) applicable in fluoroscopic equipment usage?
• During image intensified fluoroscopy, what is the typical range for tube currents?
• What percentage does a 0.5 mm lead equivalent gonad shield reduce gonad dose by?
• The components of the closed-circuit television system are:
• In a fluoroscopic system, how does the image intensifier affect image quality?
• Which of the following measurements does NOT impact fluoroscopy image quality?
• The average dose rate to male gonads during the fluoroscopic portion of a BE examination is approximately what?
• If the size of the x-ray field is enlarged, what is the effect on image quality?
• Which image intensification system typically exhibits the highest resolution?
• The output phosphor of an image intensifier tube converts the electronic image into what type of image?
• Which image manipulation technique is commonly used to enhance diagnostic quality?
• Light produced by incident x-ray exposure on a flat panel image receptor plate (FPIR) is captured by which component?
• What happens to the output dose rate when the target-to-intensifier distance is decreased in an Activated ABC fluoroscopic system?
• What characteristic of the image intensifier helps minimize geometric distortion?
• Which statement is true regarding energizing the fluoroscopic x-ray tube?
• What is created through the acceleration of electrons and minification of the output image?
• What unit measures the absorbed dose of radiation?
• How is bone marrow dose measured?
• What imaging technique uses a persistent phosphor for image capture?
• In digital imaging, which device captures light from the image intensifier?
• What is one of the main reasons for using pulsed fluoroscopy?
• What is the maximum permissible exposure rate for routine fluoroscopy at the panel or tabletop?
• What advantage does a charge coupled device have compared to an analog TV camera tube?
• Where is the bucky tray typically located during a fluoroscopy examination?
• Which of the following "acronyms" is used to characterize the quality of an x-ray beam?
• Which type of imaging is not typically associated with cine film?
• What construction feature ensures the entire useful beam is intercepted in an image intensifier system?
• Detectors used for digital fluoroscopy are categorized primarily into which group?
• What is the primary cause of shape distortion in fluoroscopic imaging?
• During which period does a generator in "pulse progressive fluoroscopy" mode produce usable x-ray photons?
• California regulations require that gonadal shielding may not be less than:
• Which type of video signal is managed by a camera control unit to maintain image fidelity?
• During what time span did digital fluoroscopy begin to gain acceptance in the radiology community?
• In fluoroscopy, which mechanism is responsible for converting X-rays into light?
• The amount of light intensity at the output phosphor compared to the input exposure rate is referred to as what measurement?
• The energy of electrons striking the output phosphor is primarily converted into what type of photons?
• Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a "declared pregnant" female radiation worker to inform her employer of her pregnancy?
• The light intensity of the output phosphor is measured in what units?
• What can ionizing radiation do when in contact with cells?
• What is referred to as the ability of an image system to differentiate closely spaced small objects?
• Timing pulse synchronization is crucial for achieving quality in what process?